Risk Factors for Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Monday, December 19, 2016

Foot ulcers in diabetic patients are a result of consequential risk factors interaction. It is important to know that these ulcers don’t occur spontaneously and there are preventive methods which can directly influence the development of foot ulcers. While these foot ulcers are resulting risk factors of diabetes, this is essential to understand how and why these ulcers; which can be helpful in developing initiatives regarding ulceration prevention.
The common risk factors for ulcer formation are diabetic neuropathy, structural deformity, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. A careful physical assessment is required which can identify patients at risk for foot ulcers and appropriately differentiate patients who already have ulcers or other Diabetic Foot complications.
Nerve damage (neuropathy) is the most common in diabetes, affecting more than 20%- 50% of people with the condition. Neuropathy may result into painful symptoms in a person’s legs, which either become typically worse at night, or may be completely painless – the person’s feet may not feel anything mostly due to numbness. A dangerous situation would be if the pain and temperature sensation; normally crucial for general protection from injury are lost due to lack of blood circulation. Thus, this may affect patient’s feet without their awareness. Although neuropathy is not only responsible for ulceration but it permits injuries to develop without being noticed.
Other risk factors contributing to the development of diabetic foot ulcers may include smoking, malnutrition, immobility, older age, deficiency in cognitive function, lack of insight, and inability to follow optimal management (such as lower extremity elevation) because of other significant co morbidities. Smoking is known to have negative effects on wound healing outcomes and essentially doubles the complication rate for any surgery or wound healing intervention as compared to nonsmokers. Metabolic syndrome is another risk factor for development of foot ulcers. It includes a combination of hypertension, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein), and is a precursor of diabetes. Consequently, it is crucial to initiate appropriate management before a problem arises. Improper management can lead to serious and costly wound care problems.
The first step in any preventive care is patient education. There are treatments available for DFU which can help in managing the severity of foot ulcers. Moreover, despite the advances in treatment options, the outcomes for the patients with DFU’s have not improved. The successful treatment is hindered by the lack of targeted therapy that hones in on the healing processes deregulated by diabetes. In that regard, PRP can be a promising tool, being capable of bypassing the underlying abnormal healing mechanism as well as accelerating the initial healing stages such as inflammation, secretion of immune cells and proliferation of damaged cells.

With the advancing technology, the treatment implementing Platelet Rich Plasma, is gaining popularity as a biological booster to accelerate body's delayed healing mechanism and maximize cell proliferation. The use of PRP is a very efficient technique being employed since 1990's to promote healing of the soft tissues as well as wounds and is categorically attracting many doctors, due to it's incredible outcomes; that have been observed through various clinical trials The PRP is a platelet concentrate with liquid plasma portion containing various essential growth factors, important to promote cell recruitment, multiplication as well as specialization, for faster healing. 

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